Title:Design of Biogas Digester for Small Community of Salalah Countryside, Oman to Support the Lighting and Cooking Electrical Load

Author

Omar Al Gharibi¹,  Pawar ²

^1,2Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering Campus (Al Hail), National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.

¹email: nu220771@nu.edu.om, ²email: dharmasa@nu.edu.om

Pages: 01-08

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1101

Abstract:

Bio-gas is a renewable energy source derived from the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as agricultural, manure, and food waste. It emits methane and carbon dioxide, which reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote circular economies by converting organic matter into valuable energy and nutrients. In this study, the biogas-based power generation possibilities are studied and reported based on the availability of biomass from animals like camels, sheep, goats, and cows. The data collection and analysis are carried out under different temperature conditions. The energy required is planned for eight people in each family. In the proposal work to design a digester, the location was chosen at the south-eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula (south of the Sultanate of Oman) for the place Madinat al Haqq. Afterwards, calculations are reported to estimate the size of the biogas digester and the output power generated from the digester. Here, the digester output is used for cooking and lighting for all members of the family. Further, the power output is viable based on the availability of biomass per day. The energy availability investigation is performed using the standard calorific value of the biomass per cubic meter. The proposed concept will allow the remote community to use a portal-sized biogas digester for their necessary electrical home load. Furthermore, the selection of the burner is reported to utilize the biogas efficiently

Keywords:Anaerobic, Bio-gas, Biomass, Calorific Value, Carbon dioxide, Community, Digester, Methane, Renewable energy, Standard calorific value.

Citation:Omar.A.G. et.al., “Design of Biogas Digester for Small Community of Salalah Countryside, Oman to Support the Lighting and Cooking Electrical Load,” Ci-STEM Journal of Digital Technologies and Expert Systems, Vol. 1(1), pp. 1-8, 2024, doi: 10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1101

Title:Enhancing the Performance of Optical Hardware through Software Applications: A Study

Author

Rajani. D¹, Mahesh. B²

¹Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sree Venkateswara College of Engineering, Nellore, A.P. India.

²Department of Electrical Engineering, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

¹email: rajini.d2010@gmail.com, ²email: bmaheshecse@gmail.com

Pages: 9-26

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1102

Abstract:

The process of image demosaicing, essential for reconstructing full-colour images from incomplete colour samples obtained from a colour-filter array (CFA), has garnered renewed interest, particularly with the prevalent use of the Bayer pattern. This resurgence can be attributed to the growing availability of source codes and executables, facilitating reproducible research in the field. In this article, a thorough survey encompassing over fifty published works on demosaicing since 1999. The objective is to complement prior reviews and provide insights into the evolution and current landscape of demosaicing techniques. By addressing key issues and delineating fundamental differences among various approaches, a thorough overview of the field is made. A notable finding from the survey is the popularity of spatial demosaicing methods, where the initial step involves interpolating the luminance channel, followed by reconstructing the chrominance channels based on the recovered luminance information. The article highlights three crucial areas requiring additional research. Firstly, addressing the difficulty of demosaicking images with low spectral correlation is paramount, along with enhancing our comprehension of the trade-off between spatial correlation and spectral correlation. It is also found that there is a necessity for more comprehensive investigation into evaluating the performance of demosaicking algorithms, particularly concerning the utilization of reference images, and understanding supplementary components within the imaging pipeline.

Keywords: Bayer, chrominance channel, Colour Filter Array (CFA), Demosaicking, Luminance channel, Spatial correlation, Spatial demosaicing methods.

Citation:Rajani.D, “Enhancing the Performance of Optical Hardware through Software Applications: A Study,” Ci-STEM Journal of Digital Technologies and Expert Systems, Vol. 1(1), pp. 9-26, 2024, doi: 10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1102

Title: Shaping Radiation with Line Source Antenna for Ramp Pattern Generation

Author

Ravindranath. J.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, R.V.R & J.C. College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur-522019, A.P, India.

email: jravindranadh@rvrjc.ac.in, jrnadh@gmail.com

Pages: 27-32

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1103

Abstract:

Array antennas are essential in communication technology because they can produce focused beams of electromagnetic radiation that can be precisely shaped and directed for various applications. These antennas typically generate a radiation pattern with a primary lobe, the main beam, accompanied by smaller minor lobes. The size and distribution of these lobes depend on the array's design and configuration. For large array antennas, the main beam becomes extremely narrow, enabling precise point-to-point communication over long distances. This precision is especially beneficial for applications requiring accurate targeting or transmission to specific locations. However, achieving such optimized performance requires careful design and engineering.  This study, builds on Woodward's amplitude control method, initially developed for generating sector beams, to create ramp patterns with unique applications in antenna engineering. By adjusting the amplitudes of the signals fed into each element of the array, the researchers can shape the resulting radiation pattern to meet specific requirements. The paper provides detailed analysis and computational data demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in achieving the desired beam patterns. These results offer valuable insights into antenna design and optimization, potentially advancements in wireless communication, radar systems, and satellite communication.

Keywords: Array Antennas, Beam, Communication, Computational data, Lobes, Performance, Radiation pattern, Ramp patterns, Wireless Communication.

Citation:Ravindranath. J., “Shaping Radiation with Line Source Antenna for Ramp Pattern Generation,” Ci-STEM Journal of Digital Technologies and Expert Systems, Vol. 1(1), pp. 27-32, 2024, doi: 10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1103

Title:Redefining Cataract Diagnosis: Leveraging MobileNetV2-Based CNN for Automated Detection from Fundus Images

Author

A Sri Nagesh¹, Popuri Keerthika², Raguthu Dheeraj³, Vetcha Sai Manikanta Saketh⁴

¹Department of Computer Science and Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Guntur, A.P, India.

^2,3&4Department of Computer Science, P.B Siddhartha College of Arts & Science, Vijayawada, A.P, India.

¹email: asrinagesh@gmail.com, ²email: popurikeerthika@gmail.com,

³email: dheerajraghuthu@gmail.com, ⁴email: vetchamanikantasaketh@gmail.com,

Pages: 33-44

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1104

Abstract:

Cataracts remain a prevalent cause of global blindness, emphasizing the urgent need for timely and accurate diagnostic solutions. This study introduces an innovative automated cataract detection method using fundus images, employing three distinct convolutional neural network architectures: MobileNetV2, EfficientNetB0, and ResNet50. Through transfer learning, these types of models were developed using a dataset containing both cataract and non-cataract fundus images. The outcomes show how successful the suggested models were in precisely classifying fundus images, with notable performance indicators including F1-score, recall, accuracy, and precision. The MobileNetV2-based model achieved 98% accuracy, EfficientNetB0 attained 68% accuracy, while the ResNet50 model, enhanced with additional dense layers, attained 69% accuracy. Furthermore, comprehensive evaluation including classification reports and confusion matrices validates the robustness and generalization capabilities of the models, confirmed through cross-validation on independent test sets. This convolutional neural network-based approach holds promise for scalable, cost-effective automated cataract detection in clinical settings, with the potential for further advancements in model interpretability and dataset diversification to enhance its applicability in diverse populations.

Keywords:Blindness, Cataracts, Confusion matrices, Convolutional neural network, Detection, Diagnostic solutions, Fundus images.

Citation:A. Sri Nagesh, Popuri Keerthika, Raguthu Dheeraj, Vetcha Sai Manikanta Saketh, “Redefining Cataract Diagnosis: Leveraging MobileNetV2-Based CNN for Automated Detection from Fundus Images”, Ci-STEM Journal of Digital Technologies and Expert Systems, 1(1), 2024, p 33-44, doi: 10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1104

Title:  An Efficient VLSI Architecture for Bi-Cubic Interpolation using Carry Skip Adder
Author:
Rao. C. R¹, Mandal S. K²

¹ Department of Electrical Engineering, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad university of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

² Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training & Research (NITTTR), Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

¹email: crrao@bopter.gov.in, ²email: skmandal@nitttrkol.ac.in
Pages: 45-56
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1201

Abstract:

In any signal processing system, signal distortion can occur. A compensation scheme would adjust the captured signal to correct for any deviations and ensure accurate signal transmission and preservation. A compensation scheme is used to correct such deviations for mostly linear is used to enhance the quality of reconstructed signal suitable for high-quality super-resolution techniques. This technique is applicable for multidimensional signal processing such as image processing. Except for the resolution of the acquired images, the extracting of colour information is greatly affected by the number of pixels. This scheme enhances the correlation of interpolated pixels and their immediate neighbouring pixels. This research aims to develop a super-resolution demosaicking (SRD) technique to reconstruct high-resolution, full-colour images from samples of the same previously seen (in-painted) image without a sophisticated, time-consuming training process. Hardware-oriented colour demosaicking methods, which give importance to green colour pixels, have thus enhanced the quality of the restored image. A Boundary Mirror and Detector mechanism also considered here for improving the pixel quality up to the boundaries. Three interpolators were economized by using a method called hardware sharing. The present Bi-Cubic interpolation technique has been designed as part of our overall effort to enhance and advance the SRD approach toward better performance and broader acceptance. This had been implemented by VLSI architecture and VHDL, whereas MATLAB had executed the image conversion and de-conversion methods. Comparison in the evaluation of results was done based on PSNR and SSIM values, followed by the analysis of the output results after the synthesis process using a Xilinx Vivado ZYNQ-7-ZC702 FPGA.

Keywords: AI-driven analytics, Data exchange, Edge computing, Industrial automation, Interconnected world, Internet of Things (IoT), Smart homes, Security vulnerabilities.

Citation:Rao.C.R et.al., “An Efficient VLSI Architecture for Bi-Cubic Interpolation using Carry Skip Adder,” Ci-STEM Journal of Digital Technologies and Expert Systems, Vol. 1(1), pp. 45-56, 2024, doi: 10.55306/CJDTES.2024.1105